The chemical revolution that began during World War II transformed our world. While our lives are undoubtedly improved in many ways, we now know that a subset of chemicals, called environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have detrimental effects on the health of humans and wildlife. EDCs include some pesticides, industrial chemicals, and components of plastics and food contact containers, and we come into contact with EDCs every day. Higher body burdens of EDCs in humans are associated with greater risk for endocrine and neurological disorders. Andrea Gore’s laboratory is using a rat model of low-dose EDC exposure, and ascertaining the consequences on neuroendocrine and reproductive functions and behaviors. They have discovered that prenatal EDCs “reprogram” genes and proteins in the developing neuroendocrine system, and that these molecular and cellular changes are associated with an impaired neurobehavioral phenotype. Importantly, the effects of EDCs are manifested very differently in males and females, a result that is consistent with sex differences in hormone actions in the nervous system. Current EDC research is beginning to identify vulnerable neuroendocrine targets, with the potential for future therapeutic interventions.